Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems 9th Edition

Published by Wiley
ISBN 10: 0-47038-334-8
ISBN 13: 978-0-47038-334-6

Chapter 3 - Second Order Linear Equations - 3.4 Repeated Roots; Reduction of Order - Problems - Page 171: 9

Answer

$$ 25 y^{\prime \prime}-20 y^{\prime}+4 y=0 $$ The general solution of that equation is given by $$ y=c_{1}t e^{\frac{2}{5}t} +c_{2} e^{\frac{2}{5}t} $$ where $ c_{1} $ and $c_{2}$ are arbitrary constants.

Work Step by Step

$$ 25 y^{\prime \prime}-20 y^{\prime}+4 y=0 \quad \quad (1) $$ We assume that $ y = e^{rt}$, and it then follows that $r$ must be a root of the characteristic equation $$ 25 r^{2}-20 r+4=(r-\frac{2}{5})^{2}=0,$$ so $r_{1}=r_{2}=\frac{2}{5}$. Therefore one solution of Eq. (1) is $y_{1}=e^{\frac{2}{5} t}$. To find the general solution of Eq. (1), we need a second solution that is not a multiple of $y_{1}$. This second solution can be found, by using D’Alembert's method, by replacing $c$ by a function $v(t)$ and then trying to determine $ v(t)$ so that the product $v(t) y_{1}(t) $ is also a solution of Eq. (1). Now we substitute $ y = v(t)y_{1}(t)$ in Eq. (1) and use the resulting equation to find $v(t)$. $$ y=v(t) y_{1}(t)=v(t) e^{ \frac{2}{5}t} \quad \quad (2)$$ we have $$y^{\prime}=v^{\prime}(t) e^{\frac{2}{5}t}+\frac{2}{5} v(t) e^{\frac{2}{5} t} \quad \quad (3)$$ and $$ y^{\prime \prime}=v^{\prime \prime}(t) e^{ \frac{2}{5}t}+\frac{4}{5} v^{\prime}(t) e^{\frac{2}{5}t}+\frac{4}{25} v(t) e^{ \frac{2}{5}t} \quad \quad (4) $$ By substituting the expressions in Eqs. (2), (3), and (4) in Eq. (1) and collecting terms, we obtain $$ v^{\prime \prime}(t)=0 $$ Therefore $$v(t)=c_{1}t+c_{2} $$ where $ c_{1} $ and $c_{2}$ are arbitrary constants. Finally, substituting for $v(t)$ in Eq. (2), we obtain $$ y=c_{1}t e^{\frac{2}{5} t} +c_{2} e^{\frac{2}{5} t} \quad \quad (5)$$ The second term on the right side of Eq. (5) corresponds to the original solution $y_{1}(t) = e^{\frac{2}{5}t}$, but the first term arises from a second solution, namely, $y_{2}(t) = t e^{\frac{2}{5}t}$. We can verify that these two solutions form a fundamental set by calculating their Wronskian: $W(y_{1}, y_{2})(t)\ne0$ Therefore $y_{1}(t) = e^{\frac{2}{5}t}$, $y_{2}(t) = t e^{\frac{2}{5}t}$ form a fundamental set of solutions of Eq. (1), and the general solution of that equation is given by $$ y=c_{1}t e^{\frac{2}{5}t} +c_{2} e^{\frac{2}{5}t} $$ where $ c_{1} $ and $c_{2}$ are arbitrary constants.
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