Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems 9th Edition

Published by Wiley
ISBN 10: 0-47038-334-8
ISBN 13: 978-0-47038-334-6

Chapter 3 - Second Order Linear Equations - 3.4 Repeated Roots; Reduction of Order - Problems - Page 171: 4

Answer

$$ 4 y^{\prime \prime}+12 y^{\prime}+9 y=0 $$ The general solution of that equation is given by $$ y=c_{1}t e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t} +c_{2} e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t} $$ where $ c_{1} $ and $c_{2}$ are arbitrary constants.

Work Step by Step

$$ 4 y^{\prime \prime}+12 y^{\prime}+9 y=0 \quad \quad (1) $$ We assume that $ y = e^{rt}$, and it then follows that $r$ must be a root of the characteristic equation $$ 4r^{2}+12 r+9=(2r+3)^{2}=0, $$ Thus the possible values of $r$ are $r_{1}=r_{2}=-\frac{3}{2}$. Therefore one solution of Eq. (1) is $y_{1}=e^{-\frac{3}{2} t}$. To find the general solution of Eq. (1), we need a second solution that is not a multiple of $y_{1}$. This second solution can be found, by using D’Alembert's method, by replacing $c$ by a function $v(t)$ and then trying to determine $ v(t)$ so that the product $v(t) y_{1}(t) $ is also a solution of Eq. (1). Now we substitute $ y = v(t)y_{1}(t)$ in Eq. (1) and use the resulting equation to find $v(t)$. $$ y=v(t) y_{1}(t)=v(t) e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t} \quad \quad (2)$$ we have $$y^{\prime}=v^{\prime}(t) e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}-\frac{3}{2} v(t) e^{-\frac{3}{2} t} \quad \quad (3)$$ and $$ y^{\prime \prime}=v^{\prime \prime}(t) e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t}-\frac{2}{3} v^{\prime}(t) e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}+\frac{1}{9} v(t) e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t} \quad \quad (4) $$ By substituting the expressions in Eqs. (2), (3), and (4) in Eq. (1) and collecting terms, we obtain $$4 v^{\prime \prime}(t)=0 $$ Therefore $$v(t)=c_{1}t+c_{2} $$ where $ c_{1} $and $c_{1}$ are arbitrary constants. Finally, substituting for $v(t)$ in Eq. (2), we obtain $$ y=c_{1}t e^{-\frac{3}{2} t} +c_{2} e^{-\frac{3}{2} t} \quad \quad (5)$$ The second term on the right side of Eq. (5) corresponds to the original solution $y_{1}(t) = e^{--\frac{3}{2}t}$, but the first term arises from a second solution, namely, $y_{2}(t) = t e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}$. We can verify that these two solutions form a fundamental set by calculating their Wronskian: $W(y_{1}, y_{2})(t)\ne0$ Therefore $y_{1}(t) = e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}$, $y_{2}(t) = t e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}$ form a fundamental set of solutions of Eq. (1), and the general solution of that equation is given by $$ y=c_{1}t e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t} +c_{2} e^{ -\frac{3}{2}t} $$
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