Battle Royale (2000 Film) Kinji Fukasaku

Battle Royale (Japanese: バトル・ロワイアル, Hepburn: Batoru Rowaiaru) is a 2000 Japanese action film[4] directed by Kinji Fukasaku from a screenplay by Kenta Fukasaku, based on the 1999 novel of the same name by Koushun Takami. The film stars Tatsuya Fujiwara, Aki Maeda, Tarō Yamamoto, Chiaki Kuriyama, Kou Shibasaki, Masanobu Andō, and Beat Takeshi. It follows a group of junior high school students forced to fight to the death by a Japanese totalitarian government.

Battle Royale was theatrically released in Japan on December 16, 2000, by Toei, with an R15+ rating, which is rarely used in Japan.[5][6][7] The film drew controversy and was banned or excluded from distribution in several countries.[8][9] Toei refused to sell the film to any United States distributor for over a decade due to concerns about potential controversy and lawsuits, until Anchor Bay Films eventually acquired the film in 2010 for a direct-to-video release.[10] Worldwide, it grossed $30.6 million against a production budget of $4.5 million. The film earned critical acclaim and, especially with its video releases, drew a large global cult following. It is often regarded as one of Fukasaku's best films and one of the best films of the 2000s. In 2009, filmmaker Quentin Tarantino praised Battle Royale as his favorite film of the previous two decades.[11][12]

Battle Royale was the last film to be fully directed by Kinji Fukasaku. He started working on the sequel, titled Battle Royale II: Requiem, but died of prostate cancer on January 12, 2003, after shooting only one scene with Takeshi. His son, Kenta Fukasaku, who also wrote Requiem, completed the film that same year. The sequel was deemed inferior to its predecessor.

The film is notable for featuring many young, unknown actors who became stars later on, along with helping to spawn the battle royale genre.

Following a recession, a totalitarian Japanese government passes an act to curb juvenile delinquency, sending a random junior high school class to participate in a game called Battle Royale. As junior high schooler Shuya Nanahara struggles to process his father's suicide, his friend Yoshitoki Kuninobu stabs their teacher Kitano, who subsequently resigns. Shuya's classmate, Noriko Nakagawa, secretly keeps Kuninobu's knife.

One year later, Shuya's class awakens on a remote island. Kitano explains that they were chosen to participate in the annual Battle Royale; they have three days to fight to the death until a victor emerges. Explosive collars will kill uncooperative students or those within prohibited areas. Each student is provided rations, a map, supplies, and a random weapon. Kitano then kills two of the students, including Kuninobu. Twelve students die within the first six hours, four by suicide. Mysterious, abused loner Mitsuko Souma and psychopathic high schooler Kazou Kiriyama become the most ruthless players. Transfer student Shogo Kawada spares Shuya after killing one student, while Shuya accidentally kills another. Basketball player Shinji Mimura recruits others to help him hack into the computer system to disrupt the program.

Amid shifting loyalties and violent confrontations, Shuya promises to keep Noriko safe, as Kuninobu had feelings for her. They are eventually rescued from Mitsuko by Kawada, who reveals that he won a previous Battle Royale at the cost of his girlfriend, who sacrificed herself when they were the final two remaining. He volunteered for the current Battle Royale game to avenge her by winning and killing those in charge. Kiriyama eventually attacks and wounds Shuya with his Uzi, but Shuya is saved by Sugimura.

Shuya awakens in the island's lighthouse, bandaged by Yukie Utsumi. Five other girls are hiding there, having made a pact to not participate in the game. Yuko Sakaki, having witnessed Shuya accidentally kill Tatsumichi Oki, attempts to poison his food. However, another girl, Yuka, eats it, leading to a confrontation between the group, which results in a shootout. All but Yuko are killed; guilt-ridden, she jumps to her death. Shuya reunites with Noriko and Kawada, and the trio sets out to find Mimura. Later, Sugimura is killed by Kotohiri, and he professes his love for her before he dies. Mitsuko kills her and then engages in a brawl with Kiriyama before she is killed.

Mimura and two others successfully infiltrate the computer system, which Kitano manually resets. Kiriyama arrives and kills them, but Mimura uses his homemade bomb to blow up the base, injuring and blinding Kiriyama. When the trio arrives at the base, Kawada engages in a shootout with Kiriyama. Kiriyama's Uzi injures Kawada, while Kawada manages to detonate Kiriyama's collar.

On the final day, the trio awakens on the shore. Kawada, aware of the collars' internal microphones, feigns killing Shuya and Noriko. Believing Kawada has won, Kitano brings him into the base, but realizes that Kawada hacked the system months beforehand and had disabled Shuya and Noriko's tracking devices. Shuya and Noriko enter the control room, and Kitano unveils a painting of the massacred class, depicting Noriko as the victor. He explains that he was unable to bear the hostility from his students, having been rejected by his own daughter, and that, because Noriko never disrespected him, he views her as a daughter. He asks her to kill him, but Shuya shoots him after he threatens them. After a final phone conversation with his daughter, Kitano succumbs to his wounds. The trio leaves the island on a boat, but Kawada dies from his injuries. Some time later, Noriko gives Shuya the knife that Kuninobu had used to injure Kitano. Shuya and Noriko are declared fugitives by the Japanese government, last seen on the run toward Shibuya Station.

In an epilogue, Shuya dreams of Kuninobu, who tells him to move on with his life and that everything will be okay. Noriko reflects on the time she met Kitano for ice cream after the knife attack. When she tells him she has Kuninobu's knife in her possession, Kitano responds, "In this moment, what should an adult say to a kid?"

• Tatsuya Fujiwara as Shuya Nanahara
• Aki Maeda as Noriko Nakagawa
• Tarō Yamamoto as Shogo Kawada
• Chiaki Kuriyama as Takako Chigusa
• Kou Shibasaki as Mitsuko Souma
• Masanobu Andō as Kazuo Kiriyama
• Beat Takeshi as Kitano
• Takashi Tsukamoto as Shinji Mimura
• Sousuke Takaoka as Hiroki Sugimura
• Eri Ishikawa as Yukie Utsumi
• Hitomi Hyuga as Yuko Sakaki
• Yukihiro Kotani as Yoshitoki Kuninobu
• Sayaka Ikeda as Megumi Eto
• Takayo Mimura as Kayoko Kotohiki
• Yutaka Shimada as Yutaka Seto
• Minami as Keiko Onuki
• Yūko Miyamura as Training Video Girl

Casting

Roughly 6,000 actors auditioned for the film, which was narrowed down to 800 potential cast members. These finalists were subjected to a six-month period of physical fitness training under the supervision of the director, Kinji Fukasaku, who eventually cast 42 out of the 800.[13]

Despite the characters being middle school students, Aki Maeda, Yukihiro Kotani, Takayo Mimura, and Yukari Kanasawa were the only four who were aged 15 to 16 years old. The other members of the cast had all graduated from secondary education, and Tarō Yamamoto and Masanobu Andō were the oldest among the actors, aged 25.[14]

The actor-director-comedian Takeshi Kitano (also known as Beat Takeshi) was cast in the role of the teacher. His casting served several purposes. As one of the most successful Japanese celebrities of the last few decades, both domestically and internationally, he helped draw a large audience to the film. And more vividly, he was a real game show presenter, known for hosting popular Japanese game shows such as Takeshi's Castle (1986–1990), adding a sense of potential realism to the film's extreme game show concept.[15]

Creative process

Kinji Fukasaku stated that he decided to direct the film because the novel it was adapted from reminded him of his time as a 15-year-old munitions factory worker during World War II. At that time, his class was made to work in a munitions factory. In July 1945, the factory came under artillery fire from US navy warships. The children could not escape, so they dove under each other for cover. The surviving members of the class had to dispose of the corpses. At that point, Fukasaku realised that the Japanese government was lying about World War II, and he developed a burning hatred of adults in general that he maintained for a long time afterwards.[16]

Beat Takeshi told a documentary crew during filming that he believes "an actor's job is to satisfy the director ... I move the way I'm told to. I try to look the way I'm told to. I don't know much about the emotional side", before adding, "Mr. Fukasaku told me to play myself. I did not really understand, but he told me to play myself, as I ordinarily would! I'm just trying to do what he tells me."[17]

When asked in an interview with The Midnight Eye if the film is "a warning or advice to the young," Kinji Fukasaku responded by describing the words "warning" and "advice" as "sounding very strong to me" as if they were actions that one tries to accomplish; therefore, the film would not be "particularly a warning or advice." Fukasaku explained that the film, which he describes as "a fable," includes themes such as juvenile crime(s), which in Japan "are very much real modern issues." Fukasaku said that he did not have a lack of concern or a lack of interest; he used the themes as part of his fable. When the interviewer told Fukasaku that he asked the question specifically because of the word "run" in the concluding text, which the interviewer described as "very positive", Fukasaku explained that he developed the concept throughout the film. Fukasaku interpreted the interviewer's question as having "a stronger meaning" than "a simple message." He further explained that the film simply contains his "words to the next generation", so the viewer should decide whether to take the words as advice or as a warning.[16][18]

Music

The film score for Battle Royale was composed, arranged, and conducted by Masamichi Amano, performed by the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, and features several pieces of Western classical music along with Amano's original compositions. The choral movement used in the film's overture and original trailer is "Dies Irae" from Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem.

The song used during the end credits, "Shizuka na Hibi no Kaidan o" by the rap rock band Dragon Ash, is not included in either the Japanese or French edition of the soundtrack.[19]

Track listing

Controversies

Fukasaku originally opposed the R15+ rating given by the Eiga Rinri Kanri Iinkai (Eirin) because of Fukasaku's experiences as a teenager, the novel's use of 15-year-olds, and the fact that many of the actors were around fifteen years of age. After he submitted an appeal and before Eiga Rinri Kanri Iinkai could rule on the appeal, members of the National Diet said that the film harmed teenagers; the Diet members also criticised the film industry ratings, which were a part of self-regulation by the Japanese film industry. Fukasaku dropped the appeal to appease the Japanese Diet in hopes they would not pursue increasing film regulation further.[16][18] Fukasaku criticized the ruling since the film was already blocked from people under 16 years of age.[20]

The film was labeled "crude and tasteless" by members of the National Diet and other government officials after it was screened for them before its general release.[21] Fukasaku stated that the Diet members had preconceived biases, making them unable to understand the points of the film.[20] The film created a debate over government action on media violence. At one point, director Kinji Fukasaku gave a press statement directed at the age group of the film's characters, saying, "You can sneak in, and I encourage you to do so."[22] Many conservative politicians used the film to blame popular culture for a youth crime wave. Ilya Garger of Time magazine said that Battle Royale received "free publicity" and received "box-office success usually reserved for cartoons and TV-drama spin-offs."[8] The Japanese reaction to the film in the early 2000s has been compared to the British outrage over A Clockwork Orange in the early 1970s.[2] Fukasaku stated that he felt discomfort with it, even though publicity increased due to the controversy.[20]

Critics note the relation of Battle Royale to the increasingly extreme trend in Asian cinema and its similarity to reality television.[23]

For eleven years, the film was never officially released in the United States or Canada, except for screenings at various film festivals. The film was screened to a test audience in the U.S. during the early 2000s, not long after the Columbine High School massacre, resulting in a negative reaction to the film's content.[24] According to the book Japanese Horror Cinema, "Conscious of the Columbine syndrome, which also influenced the reception of The Matrix (1999), much of the test audience for Battle Royale condemned the film for its 'mindless' and gratuitous violence in terms very reminiscent of the British attitude towards Sam Peckinpah's Straw Dogs (1971) on its initial release."[25]

No North American distribution agreement for the film had ever been reached due to myriad corporate and legal concerns on the parts of both the Japanese Toei Company, Ltd. and prospective North American studios, despite mutual interest.[26] It was said in 2005 by a representative of a prospective U.S. distributor that Japanese executives from the Toei Company were advised by American lawyers who attended test screenings in the early 2000s that "they'd go to jail" had the film been mass-released in the United States at the time.[24][27] In the company's best interests, Toei attached prohibitive rules, costs, and legal criteria to any possible North American distribution deal. Toei representative Hideyuki Baba stated that the reason for "withholding distribution" in North America was "due to the picture's contents and theme." A representative for a prospective US distributor criticised Toei for expecting a wide release rather than a limited art house run, noting that "in the US it will never get past the MPAA ratings board, and the major theater chains will never play it un-rated. If you cut it enough to get an R rating, there'd be nothing left."[28]

In April 2013, the film was banned in Germany,[29] but subsequently the ban was lifted following an objection by the German distributor Capelight Pictures.[30]

Releases

Battle Royale was released on December 16, 2000, in Japan.[6][7] Over the next two years, Battle Royale was distributed to cinemas in 22 countries,[8] across Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America (in addition to Mexico), gaining early cult film followings in France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and the Philippines. The first showing in the US was at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, in 2002.[31]

The original 113-minute version of the film began its first North American theatrical run at the Cinefamily Theater in Los Angeles on December 24, 2011, 11 years after its original Japanese release.[32] The planned 9-day run was extended another 6 days due to popular demand.[33] Beginning in early 2012, the film has been publicly exhibited at screenings in many American universities, including those in Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Texas and Massachusetts, with a New York City run at the IFC Center that began on May 25, 2012. As of June 2012, it has been regularly showing at the Projection Booth Theatre, site of the former Gerrard Cinema in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[34][35][36]

Special edition

A special edition of the film was released after the original, which had eight extra minutes of running time. Unusually, the extra material includes scenes newly filmed after the release of the original. Inserted scenes include (but are not limited to):

• Flashbacks to a basketball game, which is used as a framework for the entire story.
• A flashback that expands on a likely contributor to Mitsuko Souma's mental illness or sociopathy. She comes home from school to find her mother drunk with a strange man who tries to molest her. She then pushes him down the staircase to his death.
• Three epilogues (referred to as "requiems"). The first is an extension of the basketball scene, showing the students of Class 3-B winning their game. It also spotlights Mitsuko's apparent social anxiety and alienation from the classmates in 3-B. The second is a vision of Nobu telling Shuya to take care of Noriko (a replay of a hallucination seen earlier in the special version of the film). The third is a scene between Kitano and Noriko, who talk casually by a riverbank; parts of this scene (a dream sequence) also appear in the original version of the film, but with the dialogue muted, whereas in the requiem it is audible and reveals a friendship or other relationship that may or may not have existed between Noriko and Kitano.
• Added shots of the lighthouse after the shoot-out.
• Added reaction shots in the classroom and extensions to existing shots.
• Extra CGI throughout the film.

3D theatrical re-release

The film was released to theaters in 3D in Japan on November 20, 2010. Fukasaku's son and the film's screenwriter, Kenta Fukasaku, oversaw the conversion.[37] The 3D version was also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival on April 24, 2011.[38] Anchor Bay Entertainment planned to release the 3D version in the United States sometime in 2011,[39] but the release was cancelled.[32]

Sasebo slashing controversy

The creators of the sequel postponed the release of the DVD (originally scheduled for June 9, 2004) to later that year because of the Sasebo slashing, in which the killer had read Battle Royale.[40]

Limited edition release

Arrow Video released the film on Blu-ray and DVD in a limited edition version in the United Kingdom on December 13, 2010, as a three-disc collector's edition set, featuring both cuts of the film. The DVD version was limited to 5,000 copies. The Blu-ray version was initially being released as limited to 5,000 copies, but due to the large volume of pre-orders, it was increased to 10,000 copies. The limited-edition Blu-ray is region-free, meaning it can play on Blu-ray players worldwide.[41] The DVD is also region-free.[42]

In 2021, Arrow Video announced a new limited edition Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray boxset featuring both cuts of the film in a new 4K restoration, as well as both cuts of the sequel on Blu-ray.

United States release

For a long time, Toei refused to sell the film to a United States distributor because he worried that the film would get involved in legal troubles in the United States.[10] Eventually, Toei agreed to sell the film's United States rights to Anchor Bay Entertainment in 2010.[10]

An official DVD and Blu-ray edition of the film (and its sequel) was released in North America on March 20, 2012, by Anchor Bay Films.[43] The film is available in a standard edition featuring the two films and a 4-disc Complete Collection that features both the Special Edition (labelled the Director's Cut) and the theatrical version of the first film, the sequel, and a disc of behind-the-scenes material.

Box office

During the first weekend, it grossed ¥212 million ($1.8 million).[5] It went on to domestically gross ¥3.11 billion[44][45] ($28.9 million),[46] making it the third highest-grossing Japanese film of 2001, after the anime films Spirited Away and Pokémon 4Ever.[47]

In the United Kingdom, the film sold 56,758 tickets (including 56,182 tickets in 2001 and 576 tickets from later limited re-releases by 2017),[48] equivalent to a box office gross revenue of approximately £236,910[49] ($305,614).

In seven other European countries, the film sold 156,676 tickets (including 113,220 tickets in France[50] and 43,456 tickets in six other European countries) between 2001 and 2017,[48] equivalent to a box office gross revenue of approximately €877,386[51] ($991,446).

The film also grossed $339,954 in South Korea, Chile, and Argentina,[52] in addition to $26,099 in Taiwan.[53] This brings the film's estimated worldwide gross revenue to approximately $30,560,744 in these thirteen countries (equivalent to $52 million adjusted for inflation in 2018[54]).

Critical reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 90% of 50 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Battle Royale is a controversial and violent parable of adolescence, heightening teenage melodrama with life-or-death stakes."[55] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 based on seven critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[56] Robert Koehler of Variety commented, "Given the most basic characters to work with, the mostly teen cast attacks the material with frightening gusto, and Fujiwara dutifully invokes the voice of inner moral conflict. Production is exceedingly handsome and vigorous, offering no sign that Fukasaku is slowing down." He stated that, "returning to his roots as Japan's maestro of mayhem, Kinji Fukasaku has delivered" one of "his most outrageous and timely films", comparing it to "the outrage over youth violence" that Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange "generated in early-'70s Britain" and featuring some of "the most startling scenes of mayhem since the movies of the wild and bloody '70s."[2] Jason Korsner of BBC News gave Battle Royale four out of five stars, stating that it is "a heart-stopping action film, teaching us the worthy lessons of discipline, teamwork, and determination, but wrapping them up in a deliberately provocative, shockingly violent package." BBC users gave the film five out of five stars.[57] Almar Haflidason of BBC also gave the film five out of five stars.[58] In a review for Empire, critic Kim Newman gave the film four stars out of five. He compared it to Lord of the Flies in how it makes audiences "wonder what they would do in the same situation", but wrote that Battle Royale gives "even harder choices for its school-uniformed characters." He concluded that "Some will be uncomfortable or appalled, and the mix of humour and horror is uneasy, but this isn't a film you'll forget easily. And, seriously, what would you do?"[59]

The Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film four stars in September 2001, choosing it as the best film of the week. He praised Takeshi Kitano's performance as the teacher and some of the scenes as "a stunningly proficient piece of action film-making, plunging us into a world of delirium and fear." He notes that, among "the hail of bullets and the queasy gouts of blood, troubling narratives of yearning and sadness are played out. It is as if the violence of Battle Royale is not a satire of society at all but simply a metaphor for the anguish of adolescent existence." He concluded that, while some "will find the explicit violence of this movie repulsive", it "is a film put together with remarkable confidence and flair. Its steely candor and weird, passionate urgency make it compelling."[60] Bryant Frazer of Deep Focus gave it a B+ rating and called it "a vicious take-off on reality TV that turns a high-school milieu dominated by cliques and childish relationships into a war zone."[61] British critic Jonathan Ross stated that "if you want to catch a wildly original and super-cool slice of entertainment before it gets remade and ruined by the Americans, then I suggest you try hard not to miss it" and concluded that "it's a wildly imaginative example of just what can be achieved in a teen movie."[62] In 2009, filmmaker Quentin Tarantino praised Battle Royale as the best film he had seen in the past two decades, stating that, "If there's any movie that's been made since I've been making movies that I wish I had made, it's that one."[11]

There has been renewed interest in the film following its 2012 Blu-ray release in the United States. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly rates the film an "A" grade, positing that the examination of the students' different motives for survival or subversion of the Program is a "sick blast".[63] A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, stating "[the] expertly choreographed scenes of mayhem are at once comical and appalling, and [Fukasaku's] young cast embraces the melodramatic extremity of the story with impressive conviction", adding that Battle Royale "is in many ways a better movie [than The Hunger Games] and in any case a fascinating companion, drawn from a parallel cultural universe. It is a lot uglier and also, perversely, a lot more fun."[64] Entertainment critic Cary Darling describes Battle Royale as "tense, tragic and timely ... a modern-day horror story imbued with an electric sense of drama and dread."[65] Alexandra Cavallo of the Boston Phoenix writes, "Battle Royale is The Hunger Games not diluted for young audiences," while giving the film three stars out of four.[66] Jeffrey M. Anderson of Combustible Celluloid gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "gloriously sick and twisted story" and claiming that it is "endlessly entertaining, by turns gory and hilarious, disturbing and exciting."[67] In the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert's Australia correspondent Michael Mirasol praised Battle Royale for its "thoughtful characterisation" that is "lavished upon all the students" and concluded that it is an "intensely violent fable aimed at a young audience, but with true feeling, intelligence, and respect."[68] Jake Mulligan of The Suffolk Voice gave it five out of five stars, stating that "the influence of "Royale" on works as disparate as "Kill Bill" and "The Hunger Games" cannot be measured" and describing Battle Royale as "Provocative, funny, violent, and aided by a script that somehow gives equal attention to most of the students while also displaying the well-thought-out minutia behind the narrative."[69]

R.L. Shaffer of IGN gave the film a score of 8 out of 10, taking "a moment to thank The Hunger Games for reminding us how awesome Battle Royale really is" and concluding that Battle Royale is "a masterpiece of mayhem, violence and unfettered teen melodrama."[70] J. Hurtado of Twitch Film noted that many "reviews of Battle Royale focus on the violence, which is extreme to be sure, and not so much on the humanity of the film." He stated that "cranking up that already elevated hormonal level of emotional hysteria by throwing these students into a real life-or-death situation is incredibly effective" and that "the story of Battle Royale is the story of those teenage years and just how wrong we all were about the extent of our emotional turmoil."[71] DVD Talk gave the original theatrical cut of the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and 4 out of 5 stars for the Director's Cut, concluding that it gives "a glimpse into what might very well happen should the rules of society, such as they are, ever do crumble to the point where it's everyone for themselves. There's enough black humor here and enough tense action that the film never quite feels bleak or depressing (though it does come close), but most importantly, it makes you think."[72] Devon Ashby of CraveOnline gave the film a score of 8.5 out of 10, referring to it as "Japanese legend Kinji Fukasaku's adolescent shooting spree opus" and "a compassionate and technically accomplished masterpiece."[73] Brent McKnight of PopMatters gave the film a score of 9 out of 10, describing it as "savage, sharp, satirical, and brutally funny" and "a bleak commentary on humanity and society."[74]

Film critics Robert Davis and Riccardo de los Rios praised the film's narrative structure. They commented that in adapting a story such as Battle Royale, which requires a suspension of disbelief to go along with its "far-fetched" story, Fukasaku instead turns conventional rules of screenwriting on its head. Instead of focusing on the detail of the premise of a near future where school kids kill one another, "the filmmakers dispense with premise in a short series of title cards".[75] As the last film to be fully directed by Fukasaku, the Directory of World Cinema refers to Battle Royale as "perhaps the finest cinematic swansong ever conceived."[76]

Social and political interpretations

An interpretation of the film is that it represents Japanese generational attitudes that are creating social, political and economic divides between the young and old.[77] Fukasaku himself has stated: "The children who have grown up and witnessed what happened to the adults' anxiety became heightened as well. So I set Battle Royale within this context of children versus adults."[18]

Accolades

At the 2001 Japanese Academy Awards, Battle Royale was nominated for nine awards, including Picture of the Year, and won three of them.[78] The film was nominated for two awards from international film festivals but failed to win.[79][80]

In 2009, Quentin Tarantino listed Battle Royale as his favorite film released since he began directing in 1992.[81] That same year, Moviefone included it in the top three of its "50 Best Movies of the Decade" list.[82] Jon Condit of Dread Central called it "one of the best movies [he's] ever seen."[83] Bloody Disgusting ranked the film fifteenth in its list of the "Top-20 Horror Film of the Decade", with the article calling the film "a go-for-break extravaganza: fun, provocative, ultra-violent, and bound to arouse controversy (which it did) ... the film [is] more than just an empty provocation; it builds character through action, a method all good filmmakers should seek to emulate."[84] In 2010, Empire ranked Battle Royale #235 and #82 on their lists of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time" and "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema," respectively.[85][86] Time magazine included the film in its list of Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies.[87] In 2012, The Independent included it in its "10 best sports movies ever made" list.[88] Complex magazine ranked it #47 in its list of The 50 Best Action Movies of All Time.[4]

Sequel

Kinji Fukasaku, who directed the first film, began work on a sequel, entitled Requiem, but died of prostate cancer on January 12, 2003, after shooting only one scene with Takeshi Kitano. His son, Kenta Fukasaku, directed the rest of the film, which was released on May 18, 2003.

Unlike the first film, the sequel is not adapted from a novel but was based on an original screenplay written by Kenta Fukasaku. The plot revolves around the survivor Shuya Nanahara leading a terrorist rebellion, but was controversial for its provocative anti-American sentiments and criticised for being inferior to the original.[89]

Remake plans

In June 2006, Variety reported that New Line Cinema, with producers Neal H. Moritz and Roy Lee, intended to produce a new adaptation of Battle Royale.[90] Several Web sites echoed the news, including Ain't It Cool News, which claimed the remake would be "an extremely Hard R—serious-minded Americanisation of Battle Royale."[91] New Line tentatively set a release date of 2008.

The next month, The New York Times reported on an Internet backlash against the remake. Through the article, Lee assured fans of his respect for the original work, claiming, "This is the one I'm going to be the most careful with." He stated that, despite earlier concerns, the film would not be toned down to PG or PG-13, the characters would remain young teenagers, and that it would draw elements equally from the novel, the original film, and the manga. The reporter noted that "the hubbub ... was at least slightly premature [as] New Line hasn't yet purchased the remake rights."[92]

Following the Virginia Tech massacre in April 2007, Lee claimed that prospects for the remake had been "seriously shaken". While he remained willing to proceed, he stated, "we might be a little more sensitive to some of the issues." The reporting article noted that New Line still had not secured remake rights; its spokeswoman claimed "no news" when asked about progress on any deal.[93]

Maclean's pointed out that the 2008 novel The Hunger Games and its subsequent 2012 film adaptation have similar themes.[94] Although Hunger Games author Suzanne Collins maintains that she "had never heard of that book until [her] book was turned in", The New York Times reports that "the parallels are striking enough that Collins's work has been savaged on the blogosphere as a baldfaced ripoff" and that "there are enough possible sources for the plot line that the two authors might well have hit on the same basic setup independently."[95] The 2012 film adaptation has also faced similar criticisms for similarities to Battle Royale.[96][97]

In March 2012, Roy Lee reported that a remake of Battle Royale would no longer be possible due to the release of The Hunger Games, stating, "Audiences would see it as just a copy of Games—most of them wouldn't know that 'Battle Royale' came first. It's unfair, but that's reality." However, he stated that he might return to the film in ten years to "develop a "Battle Royale movie for the next generation."[97]

American TV series

During the summer of 2012, The CW had been in discussion with Hollywood representatives about the possibility of turning Battle Royale into an American television show. According to a spokesperson, the talks were only preliminary, but if a deal could be reached, the network would acquire rights to Koushun Takami's underlying novel, then unpack and expand on it for an hour-long dramatic series. Joyce Jun, a Hollywood attorney representing U.S. rights to the title, stated that "there is no deal in place". A CW spokesman confirmed only there had been some discussion but declined to comment further.[98]

The film, especially with its DVD releases, drew a large global cult following and became a cultural phenomenon.[99] Quentin Tarantino considers Battle Royale to be one of the most influential films in recent decades.[100] The film has been highly influential in global popular culture, inspiring numerous works of battle royale genre fiction in a number of different media across the world.[101]

Film and television

Since its release, the film has had an influence on filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino,[102] most notably his Kill Bill films;[69] the character Gogo Yubari, played by Chiaki Kuriyama, resembles the character she plays in Battle Royale, Takako Chigusa.[103] Battle Royale has also been referenced in the 2004 zombie comedy film Shaun of the Dead, where Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg made sure a big Battle Royale poster is prominently displayed in Shaun's living room.[104] Despite not being officially released in the United States for a long time, Battle Royale has often been referenced in American pop culture, ranging from Tarantino's films to the rock band The Flaming Lips' use of footage from the film as a backdrop for its Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots tour,[105] along with references in Hollywood films such as Jason Reitman's Thank You for Smoking (2005) and Juno (2007) and American television shows such as Lost and Community.[104] In Wrong Turn 2: Dead End, one of the characters (Matthew Currie Holmes as Michael "M" Epstein) wears a Battle Royale shirt.

Maggie Lee of Reuters describes Battle Royale as the "film that pioneered the concept of the teen death game", citing its influence on films such as Kaiji (2009) and Hideo Nakata's The Incite Mill (2010), both of which starred Tatsuya Fujiwara (who played Battle Royale's protagonist Shuya Nanahara) in the leading roles.[106] V.A. Musetto of the New York Post compared it to The Condemned (2007), which the critic called "a bad rip-off" of Battle Royale as well as The Most Dangerous Game.[107]

Critics have also noted the influence of Battle Royale on other films, such as the 2008 film Kill Theory,[108] the 2009 film The Tournament,[109] and The Hunger Games trilogy.[96][97] Battle Royale has also drawn comparisons to films such as Gamer (2009),[110] Kick-Ass (2010),[111] and The Belko Experiment (2016).[112] Other examples of "battle royale" films include The Purge series (2013), Assassination Nation (2018), Ready or Not (2019), and The Hunt (2020).[101] The South Korean Netflix original series Squid Game (2021) was also influenced by Battle Royale.[113]

Comics, manga and anime

In Japan, the film established the battle royale genre of manga and anime, revolving around a similar narrative premise. Along with the Battle Royale manga (2000 debut), other examples of the genre include Basilisk (2003 debut), Bokurano (2003 debut), the Fate/stay night franchise (2004 debut), Future Diary (2006 debut), Deadman Wonderland (2007 debut), the Danganronpa franchise (2010 debut), Magical Girl Raising Project (2012 debut), and the Death Parade series (2013 debut).[114] Battle Royale has also drawn comparisons to the Gantz franchise of manga (2000), anime (2004) and films (2011).[115] Btooom (2009 debut) features a variation of the battle royale theme.[116]

The film has influenced the creation of the Marvel Comics series Avengers Arena.[117] The series' logo also mirrors that of the logo used in the Battle Royale movie.

Video games and visual novels

The genre of battle royale video games, in which players compete to be the last one standing in a shrinking battlefield, was inspired by and took its name from the film.[118][119] The genre became popular in the late 2010s and includes games such as PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, ARMA 3, H1Z1: King of the Kill, Knives Out, Rules of Survival, Garena Free Fire, Apex Legends, Realm Royale, Call of Duty: Black Ops 4's "Blackout" game mode, and Call of Duty: Warzone.

The film's title also refers to the battle royale genre of visual novels, revolving around a similar narrative premise.[120][121] Examples include the Fate/stay night series (2004 debut), Dies irae (2007), and the Zero Escape series (2009 debut).[121] The Danganronpa series (2010 debut) is also notably influenced by the film,[122] with its scenario writer Kazutaka Kodaka citing the film as an influence.[123] Battle Royale has also drawn comparisons to Square Enix's The World Ends with You (2007).[124]

• Cinema of Japan
• List of cult films

1. ^ a b "Battle Royale (2000)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
2. ^ a b c d Koehler, Robert (January 22, 2001). "Battle Royale". Variety. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
3. ^ "Battle Royale". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
4. ^ a b "The 50 Best Action Movies Of All Time: Battle Royale". Complex. March 27, 2012. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
5. ^ a b Herskovitz, Jon (December 19, 2000). "The 'Battle' rattle". Variety.
6. ^ a b Herskovitz, Jon (December 5, 2000). "Japanese pols target pic of violent youth". Variety.
7. ^ a b Groves, Dan (November 28, 2000). "Japan sees 'Battle' over pic violence". Variety.
8. ^ a b c Garger, Ilya (June 30, 2003). "Royale Terror". Time. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
9. ^ Ito, Robert. "Lesson Plan: Kill or Be Killed." The New York Times. July 9, 2006.
10. ^ a b c Gray, Jason (November 25, 2010). "Toei continues strong sales on Battle Royale 3D". ScreenDaily.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018.
11. ^ a b "'Battle Royale'". Quentin Tarantino's Top 20 Favorite Films. Xfinity. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
12. ^ Sharf, Zack (May 16, 2019). "Quentin Tarantino's Favorite Movies: Over 25 Films the Director Wants You to See". IndieWire. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
13. ^ "『ねえ、友達殺したことある?』の強烈キャッチコピー！20世紀最後の問題作！「バトル・ロワイアル」衝撃シーン10選". Middle Edge（ミドルエッジ）. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
14. ^ バトルロアイアル[映画]動画無料映画視聴（キャスト:藤原竜也、前田亜季、山本太郎、安藤政信、ビートたけし）. Freevillage-support.net (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
15. ^ Taylor-Jones, Kate E. (2013). Rising Sun, Divided Land: Japanese and South Korean Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-231-85044-5.
16. ^ a b c "Director's statement at the Internet Archive". Archived from the original on December 5, 2002. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
17. ^ "The Making of Battle Royale (English subs) Part 1". YouTube. April 9, 2011. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
18. ^ a b c "Kinji Fukasaku", Midnight Eye
19. ^ "battleroyalefilm.com". battleroyalefilm.com. July 16, 2003. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
20. ^ a b c Larimer, Tim (April 17, 2001). "'Children Have No Hope for the Future'". Time Asia. Archived from the original on April 17, 2001. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
21. ^ Leong, Anthony (2001). "Battle Royale Movie Review". Issue 33 of Asian Cult Cinima. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
22. ^ "'Battle,' 'Games': Cold Brutality A Common Theme". NPR. March 21, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
23. ^ Korsner, Jason (September 13, 2001). "Battle Royale (2001)". BBC. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
24. ^ a b "VIDEO: North American "Battle Royale" Trailer". Crunchyroll.com. January 15, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
25. ^ Williams, Tony (2006). "10. Case Study: Battle Royale's Apocalyptic Millennial Warning". In Jay McRoy (ed.). Japanese Horror Cinema (Reprint. ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 130–143 [130]. ISBN 978-0-7486-1994-8. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
26. ^ Max Allan Collins, "Where the Battle Began", in Battle Royale: The Novel. Viz Media, 2009.
27. ^ "Ain't It Cool News: The best in movie, TV, DVD, and comic book news". Aintitcool.com. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
28. ^ "battleroyalefilm.com". battleroyalefilm.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
29. ^ Wurm, Gerald. "Battle Royale ist beschlagnahmt (Schnittberichte.com)". Schnittberichte.com. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
30. ^ Wurm, Gerald. "Battle Royale: Beschlagnahme wurde aufgehoben (Schnittberichte.com)". Schnittberichte.com. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
31. ^ Crimmins, Peter (January 25, 2002). "Survival of the Fittest". The Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
32. ^ a b "Battle Royale Film to Get 1st US Theatrical Run". Anime News Network. December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
33. ^ "Battle Royale (held Over By Popular Demand!)". The Cinefamily. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
34. ^ Turek, Ryan (February 16, 2012). "Battle Royale Goes On U.S. Theatrical Tour". Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
35. ^ "Theatre Dates For Battle Royale Inside". HorrorMovies.ca. May 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
36. ^ "Home – projectionbooth". Projectionbooth.moonfruit.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
37. ^ "BR3D Official Website". Toei. September 12, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
38. ^ "3D – Battle Royale". Cineworld. February 24, 2011. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
39. ^ Egan Loo (November 11, 2010). "Anchor Bay Adds Live-Action Battle Royale 3D in U.S." Anime News Network.
40. ^ "Japan schoolgirl killer 'sorry'". BBC News. June 3, 2004. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
41. ^ "Battle Royale Limited Edition Blu-ray Detailed". Blu-ray.com. October 21, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
42. ^ "Battle Royale Disc Box Limited". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
43. ^ "Battle Royale: The Complete Collection Blu-ray" by Josh Katz (10 January 2012), from Blu-ray.com
44. ^ "2001年（平成13年）興収10億円以上番組" (PDF). Eiren (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
45. ^ J. T., Testar (June 2002). "Japan Goes to the Movies" (PDF). The Journal. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
46. ^ "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)". World Bank. 2000. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
47. ^ "過去興行収入上位作品". Eiren. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. 2001. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
48. ^ a b "Film #17686: Batoru rowaiaru". Lumiere. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
49. ^ "UK cinema industry economics: Average ticket price". UK Cinema Association. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
50. ^ "Battle Royale (2001)". JP's Box-Office. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
51. ^ "Cinema market". Cinema, TV and radio in the EU: Statistics on audiovisual services (Data 1980-2002) (2003 ed.). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2003. pp. 31–64 (61). ISBN 92-894-5709-0. ISSN 1725-4515. Retrieved May 23, 2020. Average ticket price, ECU/EUR (...) 2001 (...) 5.6 {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
52. ^ "Battle Royale". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
53. ^ "Battle Royale 2005 Re-release". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
54. ^ "Adjusting for Movie Ticket Price Inflation". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
55. ^ "Battle Royale". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
56. ^ "Battle Royale". Metacritic. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
57. ^ Korsner, Jason (September 13, 2001). "Battle Royale (2001)". BBC. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
58. ^ Haflidason, Almar (2002). "Reviewer's Rating 5 out of 5 User Rating 5 out of 5 Battle Royale Special Edition DVD (2001)". BBC. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
59. ^ Newman, Kim (December 30, 2006). "Battle Royale". Empire. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
60. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (September 14, 2001). "A time to kill – Ironically, this week's best film deals with violence – and how the state reacts to it. Peter Bradshaw applauds its honesty". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
61. ^ "Battle Royale". Deep-focus.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
62. ^ Ross, Jonathan (2001). "Film new releases". MGN. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
63. ^ "Movie Review: Battle Royale (DVD)". Entertainment Weekly. March 7, 2012. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012.
64. ^ Scott, A. O. (May 24, 2012). "'Battle Royale,' Directed by Kinji Fukasaku". The New York Times.
65. ^ Cary Darling. "12 years before Hunger Games, there was Battle Royale". Retrieved February 17, 2017.
66. ^ Alexandra Cavallo (February 21, 2012). "Review: Battle Royale (2000)". The Phoenix. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
67. ^ "Combustible Celluloid Review – Battle Royale (2000), Kinji Fukasaku, Chiaki Kuriyama, Takeshi Kitano". Combustiblecelluloid.com. November 22, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
68. ^ Michael Mirasol; Roger Ebert (March 18, 2012). "Video essay: Was this Japanese film an inspiration for "The Hunger Games?"". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
69. ^ a b Mulligan, Jake (March 21, 2012). "Blu-ray Review: "Battle Royale – The Complete Collection"". The Suffolk Voice. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
70. ^ Shaffer, R.L. (March 19, 2012). "Battle Royale: The Complete Collection Blu-ray Review". IGN. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
71. ^ Hurtado, J. (March 18, 2012). "Blu-ray Review: Battle Royale: The Complete Collection". Twitch Film. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
72. ^ Jane, Ian (March 20, 2012). "Battle Royale: The Complete Collection (Blu-ray)". DVD Talk. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
73. ^ Ashby, Devon (March 27, 2012). "Blu-Ray Review: Battle Royale: The Complete Collection". CraveOnline. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
74. ^ McKnight, Brent (April 2, 2012). "Savage, Sharp, Satirical and Brutally Funny: 'Battle Royale: The Complete Collection'". PopMatters. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
75. ^ Robert, Davis; de los Rios, Riccardo (2006). "From Hollywood to Tokyo: Resolving a Tension in Contemporary Narrative Cinema". Film Criticism. 31 (1/2): 157–172. JSTOR 44019218.
76. ^ Berra, John (2010). Directory of World Cinema: Japan. Intellect Books. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-1-84150-335-6.
77. ^ "Battle Royale Movie Review by Anthony Leong from". MediaCircus.net. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
78. ^ "24th Japanese Academy Awards" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
79. ^ "Awards for Battle Royale (2000)". IMDb. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
80. ^ "12TH HORROR AND FANTASY FILM FESTIVAL (2001)". History Awards. San Sebastian Horror & Fantasy Film Festival. 2001. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
81. ^ "Quentin Tarantino's Favorite 20 Films Since 1992". August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
82. ^ Barnes, Jessica (September 25, 2009). "Now It's the 50 Best Movies of the Decade!". Cinematical. Moviefone. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
83. ^ Condit, Jon (June 28, 2005). "Battle Royale (2000)". Dread Central. CraveOnline. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
84. ^ "00's Retrospect: Bloody Disgusting's Top 20 Films of the Decade...Part 2". Bloody Disgusting. December 17, 2009. Archived from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
85. ^ Simon Braund; Glen Ferris; Ian Freer; Nev Pierce; Chris Hewitt; Dan Jolin; Ian Nathan; Kim Newman; Helen O'Hara; Olly Richards; Owen Willams (July 30, 2010). "Empire Features". Empire.
86. ^ "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema – 82. Battle Royale". Empire.
87. ^ Sanburn, Josh (September 3, 2010). "Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies". Time. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
88. ^ Wright, Edgar (March 23, 2012). "The 10 best sports movies ever made, by a non-sports fan". The Independent. London. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
89. ^ Russell, Jamie (May 18, 2004). "Battle Royale II: Requiem (2004)". BBC. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
90. ^ McNary, Dave (June 7, 2006). "New Line set to do 'Battle'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
91. ^ Harry Knowles (June 8, 2006). "Battle Royale American Remake Set Up..." Ain't It Cool News. Ain't It Cool, Inc. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
92. ^ Ito, Robert (July 9, 2006). "Lesson Plan: Kill or Be Killed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
93. ^ Cieply, Michael (April 30, 2007). "After Virginia Tech, Testing Limits of Movie Violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
94. ^ Bethune, Brian (April 2, 2012). "'The Hunger Games': your kids are angrier than you think – Film". Maclean's. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
95. ^ Dominus, Susan (April 8, 2011). "Suzanne Collins's War Stories for Kids". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
96. ^ a b Poland, David (March 20, 2012). "Review: The Hunger Games". Movie City News. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
97. ^ a b c Yang, Jeff (March 23, 2012). "'Hunger Games' Vs. 'Battle Royale'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
98. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (July 26, 2012). "'Battle Royale' could be reborn as a TV show". Los Angeles Times.
99. ^ Wroot, Jonathan; Willis, Andy (2017). "Battle Royale as a One-Film Franchise: Charting a Commercial Phenomenon Through Cult DVD and Blu-ray Releases". Cult Media: Re-packaged, Re-released and Restored. Springer. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-3-319-63679-5.
100. ^ Wallace, Lewis (August 17, 2009). "Tarantino Names 20 Favorite Films Since Reservoir Dogs". Wired. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
101. ^ a b "The Japanese Thriller That Explains 'Fortnite' and American Pop Culture in 2018". The Ringer. July 19, 2018.
102. ^ "DVD reviews: Battle Royale (Arrow)". The Scotsman. December 9, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
103. ^ Sandhu, Sukhdev (October 10, 2003). "Bloody, marvellous". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
104. ^ a b Ponto, Arya (March 19, 2012). ""The Hunger Games" and the Bloody Legacy of "Battle Royale"". Just Press Play. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
105. ^ Tobias, Scott (May 28, 2008). "The New Cult Canon: Battle Royale". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
106. ^ Lee, Maggie (February 15, 2011). "Japanese massacre thriller looks better in 3D". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
107. ^ V.A. Musetto (April 27, 2007). "Executioner's wrong: Fans condemned to bad cinema". New York Post. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Amazingly, "The Condemned" received an R rating, more proof that the censors are more concerned with sex and nudity (there is none here) than violence.
108. ^ Solis, Jorge (June 6, 2010). "Fango Flashback: "Battle Royale"". Fangoria. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
109. ^ Shamon, Danny. "Review: Tournament, The (2009)". Kung Fu Cinema. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
110. ^ Bunting, Ian (September 30, 2009). "Movie review: Gamer". Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
111. ^ Legel, Laremy (September 3, 2010). "Movie Musings". New York Post. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
112. ^ Harvey, Dennis (March 26, 2010). "Toronto Film Review: 'The Belko Experiment'". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
113. ^ Frater, Patrick (September 24, 2021). "'Squid Game' Director Hwang Dong-hyuk on Netflix's Hit Korean Series and Prospects for a Sequel (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.com. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
114. ^ Amaam, Baam (November 18, 2017). "11 Exciting Battle Royale Anime with Unpredictable Deaths". GoBoiano. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
115. ^ McCarthy, Jonathan Clements, Helen (2007). The anime encyclopedia: a guide to Japanese animation since 1917 (Rev. & expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-933330-10-5. Like Battle Royale crashed into Wings of Desire with courtesy breasts, Gantz throws everyday people into a life-or-death conflict, but focuses on their humdrum musings – what to wear, how to impress girls, who gets the rocket launcher.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
116. ^ "FEATURE: Cruising the Crunchy-Catalog: "BTOOOM!"". Crunchyroll. February 19, 2017.
117. ^ Green, Scott (September 14, 2012). "Marvel Reveals "Avengers Arena" Homage to "Battle Royale"". Crunchyroll. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
118. ^ Tassi, Paul (September 22, 2017). "'PUBG' Developer Unironically Calls Out 'Fortnite' For Copying Its Battle Royale Format". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017.
119. ^ Winkie, Luke (April 7, 2017). "Meet Brendan 'Playerunknown' Greene, Creator of the Twitch Hit 'Battlegrounds'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017.
120. ^ "Visual Novel Spotlight: Killer Queen". Rice Digital. December 9, 2014.
121. ^ a b "Battle Royale". Visual Novel Database. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
122. ^ Hamilton, Kirk (February 11, 2014). "Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc". Kotaku.
123. ^ "Dangan-rompa Interview Discuses Character Design And Battle Royale". Siliconera.com. October 28, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
124. ^ Patterson, Shane (March 20, 2008). "The World Ends With You – Hero bios". GamesRadar. Retrieved March 29, 2012.

• Battle Royale at IMDb
• Battle Royale at AllMovie
• Battle Royale at Metacritic
• Battle Royale at Rotten Tomatoes
• "Official English-language Battle Royale website". Archived from the original on September 19, 2002. Retrieved January 11, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
• Review and analysis of the Battle Royale film Archived February 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
• Battle Royale at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)
• Battle Royale (Director's Cut) at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)
• Battle Royale 3D Official Website (in Japanese)