The author of The Song of Roland is unknown. It is sometimes supposed that a man named Turoldus wrote the canonical version of the text (since the final line of the oldest manuscript copy mentions his name – "Ci falt la geste que Turoldus declinet"). However, it is not clear what his relation to The Song of Roland truly was. Historians have been able to discern no further information about the personage of Turoldus, and a large number of scholars believe that The Song of Roland developed organically out of oral traditions, instead of being the textual creation of any single creator or author.
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