1 Which of these philosophers is a dogmatist, according to Kant? Plato René Descartes David Hume Gottfried Leibniz 2 Which of these philosophers proved that causation could not be experienced? Aristotle Christian Wolff David Hume Thomas Aquinas 3 Which of these is an a priori judgment? “2+2=4” “This table is heavy.” ‘Some bachelors are named Richard.” “Not all books are the same size.” 4 What kind of knowledge does metaphysics seek? synthetic a posteriori knowledge analytic a priori knowledge synthetic a priori knowledge analytic a posteriori knowledge 5 Which of these is an a priori, or pure, intuition? gravitation God a circle infinity 6 How is mathematics possible as a science? From the pure intuitions of time and space. By the common agreement of mathematicians. Through observation and induction. It’s not, it’s only informed conjecture. 7 Which is the definition of nature, according to Kant? anything that isn’t human the cognition of an object as being determined by a universal law inclination or instinct organic matter like plants or trees 8 Why is a subjective impression not universally valid? Because it only makes a claim about the perceiving subject. Because our senses are frequently in error. Because we can’t be sure if other people are sensing the same thing. It is—in fact, it is the only form of certainty. 9 Which of the following is not a category of relation? Inherence Quantity Community Causality 10 What is a judgment of experience? Induction from sensory experience to abstract generality. A judgment based on the simple facts of sensory experience. A sensory perception linked with a category of the understanding. A judgment based on memory. 11 What category of judgment is the statement, “This coffee is hot because it was just made?” Affirmative Causal Negative Modal 12 What is the relationship between the natural sciences and the understanding? There is none, natural science is based entirely on sensory experience. There is none, the natural science are derived from Reason. The understanding grasps the laws inherent in things as they are. The natural sciences are derived from the pure categories of the understanding. 13 Which faculty is responsible for us seeing that an object is red? Reason Understanding Intuition Imagination 14 Which faculty is responsible for linking sensory experiences? Intuition Understanding Imagination Reason 15 Which faculty is responsible for asking whether God exists? Intuition Understanding Reason Imagination 16 Why is metaphysics led so easily into error? Because it can’t be verified by the senses. Because the world is a confusing place. Because philosophers are so hungry for fame that they will tell the public what it thinks it wants to hear. Because the human mind can’t attain truth. 17 In what way does Reason intervene in the understanding? By proving that nothing can be truly known. By positing moral obligations. By proving that God exists. By proving that the universe is infinite. 18 Why can’t we know whether the universe is infinite or finite? Because it is in fact infinite, but our mind is finite. Because it is both infinite and finite. Because it is finite, but we can’t travel to its edge to know for sure. Because space is a form of intuition, and not an attribute of objects themselves. 19 Which of the following is not an Idea of Reason? Causality Liberty God Infinity 20 Why is moral obligation an Idea of Reason? Because following the moral law gives us a sense of satisfaction. Because it is self-contradictory and erroneous. Because it is more reasonable to follow moral laws than not to. Because it can’t be derived from experience. 21 What does Kant mean when he says that the natural sciences are limited? There are no questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. They don’t answer the deeper spiritual needs of human life. There are questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. The human mind is finite and can’t know everything. 22 Why can’t we have a purely intellectual proof of God’s existence? Because, though the proofs hold up, they are spiritually unsatisfying. Because using our intellect shows us that God does not exist. Because to truly know God we would need to have sensory experience of Him. Because God exceeds the human intellect. 23 What is critique, according to Kant? Using Reason to examine Ideas of Reason for internal contradictions. Commentary on previous philosophers, showing how they might have improved their work. The use of rigorous logic. Maintaining a philosophical distance from commonly held ideas. 24 What is the difference between metaphysics and common sense? There is no difference. Metaphysics can be grounded as a science, common sense can’t. Common sense is often error, whereas metaphysics is correct more frequently. Common sense is more practical and useful than metaphysics. 25 What must a proper critique do, according to Kant? Respond negatively to a preexisting philosophical work. Examine a concept or idea from with respect to each faculty. Examine a philosopher’s previous work. Take a political stand against authority.