Parliament
The author explicitly asserts that “the most high and absolute power of the realm of England, consists in the Parliament.” Parliament is the literal legislative body in this assertion, but the text makes clear that its true significance is symbolic. Parliament is the seat of power within a monarchy which represents the will of the people, thus it is symbolic of democracy in a very prototypical, pre-American (constitutional monarchy) sense of the concept.
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar is situated as the prime symbolic incarnation of the worst of all possible leaders. He is the exemplar of the king who comes to power by crooked means and proceeds to instill tyrannical rule.
Knights
The symbolic status awarded knights which places them outside the usual revulsion toward aristocratic class division collective expressed by Americans is explained in this text. The reason why Americans are generally more accepting of knights than, say, dukes or earls, is because knights do come to their privileged class as a result of accidents of birth. Only a king can confer knighthood and it must come about through merit, thus making knighthood an unusually “American” sort of aristocratic class.
Sneakers and Winklepickers
The author does not actually use sneakers and winklepickers as symbols, of course, since his text preceded them by several centuries, but he does engage shoes as symbols of ideological divergence. Merely for the purpose of extrapolation for the point of clarity, sneakers would be the type of shoes that are most comfortable for democracies because the largest number of people would find them comfortable. The narrow construction toward a very pointy toe of winklepickers would, in turn, make them symbolic of the smaller aspect of a population which finds aristocratic monarchy a more comfortable ideological institution.
Constables
The familiar—yet also strangely ambiguous—term constable that most Americans today connect directly and almost solely to the British street cop has become, over time, a symbol of the evolution of law enforcement. When first established, the constable (and not the Sheriff, as fans of Robin Hood might expect) was basically the local representative of the King, invested with unbelievably intrusive powers and almost unquestioned authority. Even by the time the author wrote this text, alterations had been made to the point that, while still enjoying great authority, constables now existed on a lower level than a Justice of the Peace. Of course, anyone who watches British cop shows today know can tell you that they have been magnificently stripped of power and essentially serve among the lowest end of the British law enforcement hierarchy.
