Americanah Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Americanah is a 2013 novel by the Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, for which Adichie won the 2013 U.S. National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction.[1] Americanah tells the story of a young Nigerian woman, Ifemelu, who immigrates to the United States to attend university. The novel traces Ifemelu's life in both countries, threaded by her love story with high school classmate Obinze. It was Adichie's third novel, published on May 14, 2013, by Alfred A. Knopf.

Americanah is about Ifemelu and Obinze who, as teenagers in a Lagos secondary school, fall in love. Nigeria at the time is under military dictatorship, and people are seeking to leave the country. Ifemelu moves to the United States to study, where she struggles for the first time with racism and the many varieties of racial distinctions: for the first time, Ifemelu discovers what it means to be a "Black Person".[2] Obinze had hoped to join her in the U.S. but he is denied a visa after 9/11. He goes to London, eventually becoming an undocumented immigrant after his visa expires.[3][4]

Years later, Obinze returns to Nigeria and becomes a wealthy man as a property developer in the newly democratic country. Ifemelu gains success in the United States, where she becomes known for her blog about race in America, entitled "Raceteenth or Various Observations About American Blacks (Those Formerly Known as Negroes) by a Non-American Black".[4] When Ifemelu returns to Nigeria, the two consider reviving a relationship in light of their diverging experiences and identities during their many years apart.

• Ifemelu – The protagonist. She is born in Lagos, Nigeria, and studies in America.
• Obinze – Raised in Nsukka, Nigeria. His mother, a professor, taught him how to cook and fostered his love of books.
• Obinze's Mother – Professor at Nsukka University and a widow. She struggles with outdated Nigerian attitudes towards women.
• Ifemelu's Mother and Father – Ifemelu's mother is a devout evangelical Christian who fasts dangerously in order to drive the devil out of her family's life. Ifemelu's father is powerless to stop her. He unexpectedly loses his job at a federal agency and is unable to support his family.
• Aunty Uju – Ifemelu's father's cousin. She acts as Ifemelu's older sister. She starts a relationship with the General, and gives birth to a son, Dike. After the General dies, Uju moves to America, where she struggles to continue the medical training she began in Nigeria.
• Dike – The son of Aunty Uju and the General. Born in the United States, he is named after Uju's father, and given her surname. After his birth, Dike and Uju return to Nigeria where his first birthday is spent; soon after, his father dies in a plane crash. Dike and Uju flee Nigeria to escape the poverty that would result from his father's relatives confiscating their resources. He lives first in New York, then Massachusetts. At his mother's insistence, he attends a school where he is the only individual who is not white. His suicide attempt devastates his family and underlines the difficulty immigrant families face when trying to integrate into American society.
• The General – Aunty Uju's lover and father of Dike.
• Curt – Ifemelu's first American boyfriend, white.
• Blaine – Ifemelu's second American boyfriend, a black assistant professor at Yale who writes a blog about race and popular culture. Ifemelu moves to New Haven to live with him.
• Shan – Blaine's sister, a writer who is often critical of others.
• Kosi – Obinze's wife and the mother of his child.
• Buchi – Obinze and Kosi's daughter.
• Ginika – Ifemelu's friend, whom she knew when she met Obinze.

Americanization

Americanization is one of the most prominent themes in Americanah. In the context of the novel, America itself is a symbol of hope, wealth, social and economic mobility, and, ultimately, disappointment, as Ifemelu learns that the American Dream is a lie and that the advantages she enjoys there often come at a great price. Her Americanization is slow but distinct, and she gradually picks up the slang, adapts to her surroundings (for better or worse), and adopts American politics. Her views on gender and race change because of this, and her blog is devoted to exploring the issue of race as a non-American black in America. She's called Americanah when she returns to Nigeria, having picked up a blunt, American way of speaking and addressing problems. She resists this label, but it's evident to the reader that Ifemelu's years in America have changed her.

According to Idowu Faith, "no valid statement can be made on Americanah without deconstructing the term "Americanah" which, more or less, reveals the thesis of the narrative as well as the preoccupation of Adichie in the text." In Nigerian parlance, the term "Americanah" is an identity term based on a person's previous experience of living in America. In an interview, Adichie defines Americanah as describing those who have been to the US and return with American affectations, pretend not to understand their mother tongues any longer, and refuse to eat Nigerian food, making constant reference to their life in America.

From this understanding, it is clear that Ifemelu's decision to return home without worrying about being identified as an "Americanah" establishes that Adichie is proposing and charting a path for a new kind of migration story whose quintessence is return migration.

Gender

Adichie's explorations of sexual education and the perception of sex among youngsters in Nigeria plays a fundamental role in the journey of Ifemelu exploring her sexuality as an adolescent in a puritan post-colonial society.

Migration

While many of the migratory experiences in the novel work within migration theory, Adichie simultaneously transcends the borders of international migration theories by introducing a new factor that both influences migration and projects a new perspective on return migration. According to Dustmann and Weiss (2007:237), lack of economic opportunity and escape from natural disaster/persecution are two main reasons individuals migrate throughout history. While identifying the need to flee "choicelessness" as the main reason for much of the migration in the twenty-first century Nigerian setting of the novel, Adichie uses literary dimensions to shake up the foundations of theory. Consequently, the direction of this type of migration, how it affects the bonds of love, how it changes personalities and cultural views, and how it reinterprets identity become the novelist's major theoretical engagements. In addition, Adichie is concerned with how migration debases and elevates, how it barters and fulfills and, most significantly, how it reinvents.

Reviews

Critics praised the novel, especially noting its range across different societies and reflection of global tensions. According to Book Marks, the book received "positive" reviews based on 16 critic reviews with 8 being "rave" and 3 being "positive" and 4 being "mixed" and 1 being "pan".[5] On The Omnivore, an aggregator of British press reviews, the book received an "omniscore" of 4 out of 5.[6] In an aggregation of British and American press on Culture Critic, the book received a score of 76%.[7] On Bookmarks July/August 2013 issue, a magazine that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received a (4.0 out of 5) based on critic reviews with a critical summary saying, "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie has never been afraid to address the difficult subjects of race and class. Americanah, though perhaps limned on a smaller scale than that of her previous fiction, masterfully tackles the nuances of these elephants in the room."[8][9]

Writing for The New York Times, Mike Peed said, "'Americanah' examines blackness in America, Nigeria and Britain, but it's also a steady-handed dissection of the universal human experience—a platitude made fresh by the accuracy of Adichie's observations."[4] Peed concluded: "'Americanah' is witheringly trenchant and hugely empathetic, both worldly and geographically precise, a novel that holds the discomfiting realities of our times fearlessly before us. It never feels false."[4] Reviewing the novel for The Washington Post, Emily Raboteau called Adichie "a hawkeyed observer of manners and distinctions in class," and said Adichie brings a "ruthless honesty about the ugly and beautiful sides of both" the United States and Nigeria.[10] In the Chicago Tribune, Laura Pearson wrote, "Sprawling, ambitious and gorgeously written, 'Americanah' covers race, identity, relationships, community, politics, privilege, language, hair, ethnocentrism, migration, intimacy, estrangement, blogging, books and Barack Obama. It covers three continents, spans decades, leaps gracefully, from chapter to chapter, to different cities and other lives...[Adichie] weaves them assuredly into a thoughtfully structured epic. The result is a timeless love story steeped in our times."[11] Tshilidzi Marwala links the Americanah to the rise of nationalism. In this regard, he thinks the story of Americanah evokes the image that the 21st century will be defined by the dialectical tension between the globalization, which is brought by technology, and the "othering" which is brought by the alienating characteristic of globalization. Accordingly, Marwala on reviewing Americanah states that "it seems that in the 21st century, the strangeness of othering, of enhancing difference rather than embracing our commonalities and the wedging of deep fissures in society continues unabated."[12]

Awards

The book was selected as one of the 10 Best Books of 2013 by the editors of the New York Times Book Review.[13] It won the 2013 National Book Critics Circle Award (Fiction),[1] and was shortlisted for the 2014 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction[14] of the United Kingdom. The Chicago Tribune awarded Adichie its 2013 Heartland Award for Fiction, "recogniz[ing Americanah as] a novel that engages with important ideas about race, and does so with style, wit and insight."[15]

In March 2017, Americanah was picked as the winner for the "One Book, One New York" program,[16][17] part of a community reading initiative encouraging all city residents to read the same book.[18]

In 2024, Americanah was ranked #27 in the list of 100 best books of the 21st century by the New York Times.[19]

Sales

Americanah spent 78 weeks on NPR's Paperback Best-Seller list.[20] Days after The New York Times named Americanah to its best books of 2013 list, Beyoncé also signaled her admiration of Adichie, sampling Adichie's TED Talk "We should all be feminists" on the song "***Flawless"; sales of Americanah soared and as of December 23, 2013, the book climbed to the number 179 spot on Amazon.com's list of its 10,000 best-selling books.[21]

Banned Book Controversy

In 2022, Americanah was banned in the Clay County School District in Florida.[22]

In 2014, it was announced that David Oyelowo and Lupita Nyong'o would star in a film adaptation of the novel,[23] to be produced by Brad Pitt and his production company Plan B.[24] In 2018, Nyong'o told The Hollywood Reporter that she was developing a television miniseries based on the book, which she would produce and star in.[25] It was announced on September 13, 2019, that HBO Max would air the miniseries in ten episodes, with actor and playwright Danai Gurira as writer and showrunner.[26] On October 15, 2020, it was reported that the miniseries would not move forward due to scheduling conflicts.[27]

• Esplin, Marlene. "The Right Not to Translate: The Linguistic Stakes of Immigration in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah." Research in African Literatures 49, no. 2 (2018): 73–86.
• Hallemeier, Katherine. "To Be from the Country of People Who Gave": National Allegory and the United States of Adichie's Americanah.[28] Studies in the Novel 47, no. 2 (2015): 231-245.
• Joshua, Nneoma Uchechukwu (2021-07-15). "Identity, Afropolitanism and the New African Diaspora: Adichie's Americanah, Habilah's travellers and Noo Saro Wiwa's Looking for Transwonderland". Università Ca' Foscari Venezia.[29]
• Kozieł, Patrycja. "Narrative strategy in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's novel Americanah: the manifestation of migrant identity." Studies in African Languages and Cultures 49 (2015): 97–114.
• Ojo, Akinleye Ayinuola. "Discursive Construction of Sexuality and Sexual Orientations in Chimamanda Adichie's Americanah". Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 543-560-224.
• McCoy, Shane A. "The "outsider within": counter-narratives of the "new" African diaspora in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah (2013)." Journal of the African Literature Association 11, no. 3 (2017): 279-294.
• Sackeyfio, Rose A. "Revisiting Double Consciousness & Relocating the Self in Americanah." A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2017): 213–227.

1. ^ a b "National Book Critics Circle Announces Award Winners for Publishing Year 2013". National Book Critics Circle. March 13, 2014. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
2. ^ Stefanie Anna Reuter (2015): "Becoming a Subject: Developing a Critical Consciousness and Coming to Voice in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah", in: Anja Oed (Hg.): Reviewing the Past, Negotiating the Future: The African Bildungsroman.
3. ^ Navaratnam, Subashini (9 August 2013). "Race-in-America Is a Central Character in 'Americanah'". PopMatters.
4. ^ a b c d Peed, Mike (June 7, 2013). "Realities of Race 'Americanah,' by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie". The New York Times.
5. ^ "Americanah". Book Marks. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
6. ^ "Americanah". The Omnivore. Archived from the original on 18 Oct 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
7. ^ "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Americanah". Culture Critic. Archived from the original on 4 Jul 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
8. ^ "Americanah" (PDF). Bookmarks. p. 5. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
9. ^ "Americanah". Bookmarks. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
10. ^ Raboteau, Emily (10 June 2013). "Book review: 'Americanah' by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
11. ^ Pearson, Laura (June 28, 2013). "Review: 'Americanah' by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
12. ^ Marwala, Tshilidzi (September 14, 2020). "The rise of nationalism and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah". voices 360. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
13. ^ New York Times (December 4, 2013). "The 10 Best Books of 2013". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
14. ^ Brown, Mark (7 April 2014). "Donna Tartt heads Baileys women's prize for fiction 2014 shortlist". The Guardian. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
15. ^ Taylor, Elizabeth (November 3, 2013). "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 'Americanah' awarded fiction Heartland Prize". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
16. ^ Weller, Chris (16 March 2017). "New Yorkers just selected a book for the entire city to read in America's biggest book club". Business Insider.
17. ^ "One Book, One New York | And the winner is...", NYC, 2017.
18. ^ Williams, John (31 January 2017). "One Book for Five Boroughs". The New York Times'.
19. ^ "The 100 Best Books of the 21st Century". The New York Times. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
20. ^ "Americanah". NPR. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
21. ^ Meyer, Robinson (December 23, 2016). "When Beyoncé Samples Your TED Talk, This Is What Happens to Your Book". The Atlantic. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
22. ^ Rodriguez, Gabi (2023-09-17). "Roughly 300 books were removed from school libraries in Florida last year. Here's the full list". NBC 6 South Florida. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
23. ^ Mandell, Andrea (January 4, 2015). "You're really going to want to see Lupita's next movie". USAToday. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
24. ^ Kroll, Justin (15 December 2014). "David Oyelowo to Star With Lupita Nyong'o in 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
25. ^ Galloway, Stephen (January 25, 2018). "Lupita Nyong'o: From Political Exile to Oscar to Marvel's 'Black Panther'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
26. ^ Otterson, Joe (September 13, 2019). "Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira's 'Americanah' Adaptation Ordered to Series at HBO Max". Variety. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
27. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (October 15, 2020). "'Americanah' Drama From Lupita Nyong'o and Danai Gurira Dead at HBO Max". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
28. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/26366649
29. ^ Joshua, Nneoma Uchechukwu (2021-07-15). "Identity, Afropolitanism and the New African Diaspora: Adichie'S Americanah, Habilah's travellers and Noo Saro Wiwa's looking for Transwonderland". Journal of African Studies. Università Ca' Foscari Venezia.

• Americanah at Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's site