"Biblical" philosophers
Spinoza responds to real human beings in this treatise, some more directly than others, but basically, he is responding to a school of philosophical thought that positioned the Bible (and the church's interpretation of it, for some strange reason) as priorities in their philosophy. There are still a litany of these religious sophists who pretend to be religious so they can have authority over people's beliefs. These people are Spinoza's arch-nemeses.
The God of world religions
Spinoza says that his criticism of Judaism is more or less applicable to religion, but specifically, he means the God of religious world views where the tradition around a holy religious scripture also has real political and social consequences, so more or less, he is talking about Abrahamic religions in the West. His opinion of their view of God is very low. He feels their version of God is one oriented around fear, shame, control, and social conformity.
The philosopher's God
Spinoza doesn't disclose his own personal religious confession or anything, but he does talk openly about God. God is the thing that makes this all happen, says Spinoza, but to say that he has actual intentions for the daily drama of human life is to make the same equivocation that the Greeks made in their pantheon—the equivocation of the human mind with God. Spinoza says a philosopher's God is just reason.
