“An Atom of self-interest”
Hofstadter explains, "To them (Drawers of the constitution) a human being was an atom of self-interest. They did not believe in man, but they did believe in the power of a good political constitution to control him." Humans are naturally self-centered; hence, this attribute cannot be eradicated through the constitution; they would strive to circumvent it if it hinders their self-interests. The self-regard which motivates human actions cannot be tamed easily because it is an integral fragment of humanity.
“Crowning Triumph”
Hofstadter notes, “Hoover had worked hard for the presidency and he wanted to make the office his crowning triumph. He must have dreamed of the image he would leave for historians - a success in business, a fabulous success in humanitarian undertakings, a magnificent success in presidential leadership. ” Hoover considers the presidency the ultimate attainment of his life that would contribute to his self-actualization. He yearns to have a legacy of 'material fulfillment' for all Americans which would be achieved through an impressive and remarkable presidency. Hoover anticipates that his guidance and leadership would bid Americans equal chances of experiencing material success.
Monopolize
Hofstadter observes, “Calhoun became obsessed with the North’s tendency to “Monopolize” the territories of free labor. In 1847, Iowa had entered the Union and Wisconsin was ready for statehood, he expressed fear that the territories would yield twelve or more fifteen free states. The South was fast losing that parity in the Senate which was its final stronghold of equality in the Federal government." The monopolization relates to the strategy of intending to absolutely control the territories to subvert the 'Southern rights.' An increase in the free states would be detrimental to the South because they would be outnumbered in the Senate and attempts to protect their rights would be challenging due to the South’s relatively lower numbers in the Senate.
“Philosopher of the Constitution”
Hofstadter elucidates, “James Madison who has quite rightfully been called the philosopher of the Constitution, told the delegates: “It seems indispensable that the mass of citizens would not be without a voice in making the laws which they are to obey, and in choosing the magistrates who are to administer them.” Madison conveys wisdom in his assertions concerning the constitution. His theory concerning an optimal constitution demonstrate his logical reasoning which would ensure that the governed are involved in selecting leaders.
“Balanced government”
Hofstadter writes, “What the Fathers wanted was known as “balanced government,” an idea at least as old as Aristotle and Polybius. This ancient conception had won new sanction in the eighteenth century, which was dominated intellectually by the scientific work of Newton.” A ‘balanced government’ would foster orderliness in governance and rationalism. Founding fathers wanted a government which is based on nature’s orderliness as explained in various scientific theories such as those formulated by Newton.
