Answer
Binary fission produces genetically identical daughter cells, endospore formation yields a dormant spore for survival, and conjugation exchanges genetic material between bacteria for increased diversity.
=
Work Step by Step
Binary Fission:
Initiation: The process begins with the replication of the bacterial chromosome, which is a circular piece of DNA.
Chromosome Segregation: The replicated chromosomes move to opposite ends of the bacterium.
Cytokinesis: The cell elongates and eventually divides into two daughter cells. This division is usually symmetrical, and each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the original genetic material.
As a result, binary fission produces two genetically identical daughter cells. This process is the primary method of reproduction for bacteria.
Endospore Formation:
Preparation: When a bacterium encounters unfavorable conditions like nutrient scarcity or other environmental stresses, it initiates endospore formation as a survival strategy.
DNA Replication: The bacterial chromosome is duplicated.
Endospore Development: The cell forms a protective layer around one of the duplicated chromosomes, creating a structure called an endospore.
Mother Cell Breakdown: The original cell disintegrates, leaving behind the durable endospore.
Dormancy: The endospore is highly resistant to harsh conditions and remains dormant until the environment becomes more favorable.
Germination: When conditions improve, the endospore can germinate, giving rise to a new vegetative cell with the potential to grow and reproduce.
Endospore formation is a survival mechanism that allows bacteria to endure unfavorable conditions for extended periods.
Conjugation:
Contact: Two bacteria come into physical contact with each other.
Plasmid Transfer: One bacterium (donor) transfers genetic material, often in the form of a small circular DNA called a plasmid, to the other bacterium (recipient).
Integration: The transferred genetic material integrates into the recipient's chromosome, introducing new traits or characteristics.
Increased Diversity: This exchange of genetic material increases the genetic diversity of the bacterial population.
Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that allows bacteria to adapt to new environments and acquire advantageous traits from other bacteria.
