Chapter 2 - Section 2.4 - Study Guide - Assess Your Learning Outcomes - Page 74: 3

The structural formulas for the hydroxyl, methyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate functional groups: 1. **Hydroxyl Group (-OH):** - The hydroxyl group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule. It imparts properties of alcohols and phenols to compounds. - Structural Formula: **-OH** 2. **Methyl Group (-CH3):** - The methyl group consists of a single carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. It is a simple alkyl group and is commonly found in organic compounds. - Structural Formula: **-CH3** 3. **Carboxyl Group (-COOH):** - The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the same carbon atom. It imparts acidic properties to compounds and is found in organic acids. - Structural Formula: **-COOH** 4. **Amino Group (-NH2):** - The amino group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is commonly found in amino acids, amines, and other organic compounds. - Structural Formula: **-NH2** 5. **Phosphate Group (-PO4):** - The phosphate group consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with three of the oxygen atoms bonded to the phosphorus atom and one oxygen atom bonded to a carbon backbone. It is crucial in the structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and energy storage molecules like ATP. - Structural Formula: **-PO4** These structural formulas represent the general arrangement of atoms for each functional group. Keep in mind that these functional groups can be part of larger organic molecules, and their chemical properties and reactivity depend on their specific context within those molecules.

The structural formulas for the hydroxyl, methyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate functional groups: 1. **Hydroxyl Group (-OH):** - The hydroxyl group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule. It imparts properties of alcohols and phenols to compounds. - Structural Formula: **-OH** 2. **Methyl Group (-CH3):** - The methyl group consists of a single carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. It is a simple alkyl group and is commonly found in organic compounds. - Structural Formula: **-CH3** 3. **Carboxyl Group (-COOH):** - The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the same carbon atom. It imparts acidic properties to compounds and is found in organic acids. - Structural Formula: **-COOH** 4. **Amino Group (-NH2):** - The amino group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is commonly found in amino acids, amines, and other organic compounds. - Structural Formula: **-NH2** 5. **Phosphate Group (-PO4):** - The phosphate group consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with three of the oxygen atoms bonded to the phosphorus atom and one oxygen atom bonded to a carbon backbone. It is crucial in the structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and energy storage molecules like ATP. - Structural Formula: **-PO4** These structural formulas represent the general arrangement of atoms for each functional group. Keep in mind that these functional groups can be part of larger organic molecules, and their chemical properties and reactivity depend on their specific context within those molecules.