Alan Gratz's novel Refugee was written amidst the refugee crisis that resulted from the Syrian Civil War, a real-life conflict that began in 2011 and continues to this day.
The Syrian Civil War is characterized by multiple layers of complexity, involving both domestic and international belligerents with divergent interests and motivations. One of the primary causes of the Syrian Civil War was the Syrian government's crackdown on Arab Spring–related protests that erupted in 2011. In response to peaceful protests critical of his government, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad used excessive force, turning the country's military against its people. As violence escalated, opposition groups formed. The opposition's initial demands were for political reform and an end to corruption, but as the violence intensified, their demands expanded to include the ousting of Assad.
Another significant factor contributing to the conflict is the role of regional and global powers. The war has attracted a variety of actors with competing interests, each seeking to advance its strategic goals. On one side, Iran and Russia have backed the al-Assad regime, providing military and financial support. On the other side, the United States, Turkey, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf have supported various opposition groups, providing them with funding and weapons. The conflict has also attracted extremist groups, such as the Islamic State and Al-Qaeda. The presence of these extremist groups has further complicated the situation, making it difficult for any party to gain the upper hand.
The Syrian Civil War has also had a significant impact on the region's demographics. More than 14 million Syrians have been displaced from their homes, with many seeking refuge in the neighboring countries of Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan. The influx of refugees has put immense pressure on these countries, leading to political, social, and economic challenges. The refugee crisis has also had a global impact, with refugees seeking asylum in Europe and other parts of the world.
