History of Rome Velleius Paterculus

Lucius Cassius Dio (c. 165 – c. 235),[i] also known as Dio Cassius (‹See Tfd›Greek: Δίων Κάσσιος Dion Kassios), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (27 BC) up until 229 AD, during the reign of Severus Alexander. Written in Ancient Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history.

Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such as Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk of the 11th century, and Zonaras, a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century.

Lucius Cassius Dio[ii] was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator and member of the Cassia gens, who was born and raised at Nicaea in Bithynia. Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, Dio Chrysostom; however, this relationship has been disputed. Although Dio was a Roman citizen, he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "my home", as opposed to his description of his villa in Capua, Italy ("the place where I spend my time whenever I am in Italy").[4]

For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of the public service. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna following the death of Septimius Severus; he became a suffect consul in approximately the year 205. Dio was also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Severus Alexander held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul in 229. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native Bithynia, where he eventually died.[3][9]

Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio, consul in 291.[10]

Dio published a Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία, Rhōmaïkḕ Historía) in 80 books in Greek, later translated into Latin as the Historia Romana. On the matter of its composition, he writes the following: "I spent ten years in collecting all the achievements of the Romans from the beginning down to the death of Severus [211 AD], and twelve years more in composing my work. As for subsequent events, they also shall be recorded, down to whatever point it shall be permitted me".[11][12]

The books cover a period of approximately 1,400 years, beginning with the tales from Roman mythology of the arrival of the legendary Aeneas in Italy (c. 1200 BC) and the founding of Rome by his descendant Romulus (753 BC); as well as the historic events of the republican and imperial eras through 229 AD. The work is one of only three written Roman sources that document the British revolt of 60–61 AD led by Boudica.[13] Until the first century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events; after that period, his accounts become more detailed.

Dio's work has often been deprecated as unreliable and lacking any overall political aim.[14][15] Recently, however, some scholars have re-evaluated his work and have highlighted his complexity and sophisticated political and historical interpretations.[16][17][18]

Survey of surviving books and fragments

The first 21 books have been partially reconstructed based on fragments from other works, as well as the 12th-century epitome of Joannes Zonaras who used Dio's Roman History as a main source. Scholarship on this part of Dio's work is scarce but the importance of the Early Republic and Regal period to Dio's overall work has recently been underlined.[18] Books 22 through 35, which are only sparsely covered by fragments, were already lost by the times of Zonaras.[19]

The books that follow, Books 36 through 54, are all nearly complete; they cover the period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign of Pompey and the death of Mithridates to the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Book 55 contains a considerable gap, while Books 56 through 60 (which cover the period from 9–54 AD) are complete and contain events from the defeat of Varus in Germany to the death of Claudius.

Of the 20 subsequent books in the series, there remain only fragments and the meager abridgement of John Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk from the 11th century sponsored by emperor Michael VII Doukas. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with Book 35 and continues to the end of Book 80. The last book covers the period from 222 to 229 AD (the first half of the reign of Alexander Severus).

Collections of book fragments

The fragments of the first 36 books have been collected in four ways:

Fragmenta Valesiana

Fragments that were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, and lexicographers, and were collected by Henri Valois

Fragmenta Peiresciana

Large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices", contained in the collection, or portative library, compiled by order of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged to Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.

Fragmenta Ursiniana

The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work by Constantine, entitled "Of Embassies". These are known under the name of Fragmenta Ursiniana, as the manuscript in which they are contained was found in Sicily by Fulvio Orsini.

Excerpta Vaticana

Excerpta Vaticana by Angelo Mai contains fragments of Books 1 to 35 and 61 to 80. Additionally, fragments of an unknown continuator of Dio (Anonymus post Dionem), generally identified with the 6th century CE historian Peter the Patrician, are included; these date from the time of Constantine. Other fragments from Dio that are primarily associated with the first 34 books were found by Mai in two Vatican manuscripts; these contain a collection that was compiled by Maximus Planudes. The annals of Joannes Zonaras also contain numerous extracts from Dio.

An outline of Roman History.

Books of Roman History

• Herodian
• Roman historiography
• Severan dynasty
• Tacitus

1. ^ He was named praetor by Pertinax (r. 194 AD) and assumed the office in 195 AD. Given that the minimum age for such office was 30, his birth date is given as 165, 164 or 163 AD.[1][2][3][4] Some authors argue that he was born earlier, in about 155 AD, but this is usually not accepted.[5] He probably died a few years before Alexander Severus's death in 235, but there is no way to determine this.[1]
2. ^ The name "Lucius" is attested by AE 1985, 821. Another inscription (AE 1971, 430) attests "Cl(audius) Cassius Dio", but the extra letter is probably a stone cutter's error.[6][7] Dio is also alleged to have had the cognomen "Cocceianus", but Alain Gowing argues that the evidence for it is insufficient, and the ascription is a Byzantine confusion with Dio Chrysostom, whom Pliny shows to be named Cocceianus.[8]

1. ^ a b Swan, Peter Michael (2004). The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-516774-0. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
2. ^ Millar, Fergus (1964). Study of Cassius Dio. Oxford University Press. p. 250. ISBN 0-19-814336-2.
3. ^ a b Scott, Andrew G. (2018). Emperors and Usurpers: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-087959-4. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
4. ^ a b Potter, David Stone (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395. Psychology Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-415-10057-1. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
5. ^ Riesner, Rainer (1998). "Cassius Dio". Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 167–174. ISBN 978-0-8028-4166-7. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
6. ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, "Cassius Dio". Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ Dio's name: L'Année épigraphique 1971, 430 = Κλ΄ Κάσσιος Δίων. Roman Military Diplomas, Roxan, 133 = L. Cassius Dio.
8. ^ Gowing, Alain (January 1990), "Dio's Name", Classical Philology, 85 (1): 49–54, doi:10.1086/367176, JSTOR 269480, S2CID 161453524
9. ^ Carter, John (1987). The Reign of Augustus. London: Penguin Books. pp. 1. ISBN 978-0-14-044448-3.
10. ^ Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1971). "Cassius Dio". Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-521-20159-9.
11. ^ Roman History, Book 73.23. Loeb Classical Library.
12. ^ See also Kemezis, Adam M. (2014). "The date of composition of Dio's history". Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–293. ISBN 978-1-107-06272-6. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
13. ^ Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016). Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-317-17296-3. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
14. ^ Millar, Fergus (1964). A Study of Cassius Dio. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. ^ Lintott, A. (1997). "Cassius Dio and the history of the late Roman republic". Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. 34 (3): 2497–2523.
16. ^ Lange, Carsten Hjort; Madsen, Jesper Majbom, eds. (2016). Cassius Dio: Greek intellectual and Roman politician. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-33531-8. OCLC 964448138.
17. ^ Fromentin, Valérie; Bertrand, Estelle; Coltelloni-Trannoy, Michèle; Molin, Michel; Urso, Gianpaolo, eds. (2016). Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures. Bordeaux: Ausonius.
18. ^ a b Burden-Strevens, C.; Lindholmer, M.O. (2018). Burden-Strevens, Christopher; Lindholmer, Mads (eds.). Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome (PDF). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004384552. ISBN 978-90-04-38455-2. S2CID 166209848. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
19. ^ Roman History, Introduction. Loeb Classical Library.

• Aalders, G. J. D. (1986). "Cassius Dio and the Greek World". Mnemosyne. 39 (3/4): 282–304. doi:10.1163/156852586X00446. ISSN 0026-7074. JSTOR 4431512.
• Baltussen, Han (2002). "Matricide Revisited: Dramatic and Rhetorical Allusion in Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio". Antichthon. 36: 30–40. doi:10.1017/S0066477400001313. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145157474.
• Burden-Strevens, Christopher; Lindholmer, Mads (2018). Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome: The Roman History, Books 1–21 (PDF). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-38455-2.
• Eisman, Michael M. (1977). "Dio and Josephus : Parallel Analyses". Latomus. 36 (3): 657–673. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41530379.
• Fromentin, Valérie; Bertrand, Estelle; Coltelloni-Trannoy, Michèle; Molin, Michel; Urso, Gianpaolo (2023). Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures. Scripta Antiqua (in French and English). Pessac: Ausonius Éditions. ISBN 978-2-35613-569-8.
• Gleason, Maud (2011). "Identity Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio's Contemporary History". Classical Antiquity. 30 (1): 33–86. doi:10.1525/CA.2011.30.1.33. ISSN 0278-6656.
• Kordoš, Jozef (2010). "Thucydidean elements in Cassius Dio". Acta Antiqua. 50 (2–3): 249–256. doi:10.1556/AAnt.50.2010.2-3.6. ISSN 0044-5975.
• Lange, Carsten Hjort; Madsen, Jesper Majborm, eds. (2016). Cassius Dio: Greek Intellectual and Roman Politician. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004335318. ISBN 978-90-04-33531-8.
• Mallan, C. T. (2013). "Cassius Dio on Julia Domna: A Study of the Political and Ethical Functions of Biographical Representation in Dio's Roman History". Mnemosyne. 66 (4–5): 734–760. doi:10.1163/1568525X-12341161. ISSN 0026-7074.
• McDougall, Iain (1991). "Dio and his Sources for Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul". Latomus. 50 (3): 616–638. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41536119.
• Millar, Fergus (1964). A Study of Cassius Dio. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814336-9.
• Murison, Charles L. (1999). Rebellion and Reconstruction: Galba to Domitian. Scholars Press. ISBN 978-0-7885-0547-8.
• Reinhold, Meyer (1988). From Republic to Principate: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 49–52 (36–29 B.C.). Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-55540-112-2.
• Scott, Andrew G. (2023). An age of iron and rust: Cassius Dio and the history of his time. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004541115.

• "Dio Cassius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 278–279.
• Works by or about Cassius Dio at the Internet Archive
• Greek text of Dio's Roman History at the Perseus Digital Library (Earnest Cary & Herbert Baldwin Foster, Loeb Classical Library, 1914–1927)
• Greek text of Dio's Roman History at Poesia Latina (1914–1927 edition)
• Works by Cassius Dio at Project Gutenberg (English translation of Roman History by Herbert Baldwin Foster, 1905)
• English translation of Dio's Roman History on LacusCurtius (1914–1927 edition)
• Greek text with French Translation (Étienne Gros(fr) and V. Boissée, 1845–1870)
• Dio Cassius: the Manuscripts of "The Roman History" at the Tertullian Project
• Editio princeps: ΤΩΝ ΔΙΩΝΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΪΚΩΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΩΝ ΕΙΚΟΣΙΤΡΙΑ ΒΙΒΛΙΑ: Dionis Romanarum historiarum libri XXIII, à XXXVI ad LVIII vsque Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, Greek text edited by Robert Estienne, Paris, 1548. Held by the Corning Museum of Glass.
• Editio princeps of Xiphilinus's Epitome (Robert Estienne, Paris, 1551) at Google Books