The novel reinforces theme of family through suggestions of other family tragedies. Thomas Sr. and Grandma both experienced great loss during the Dresden bombings, and their lives provide distinct examples of how one might react to such grief. Where Thomas Sr. turned away from emotional connection, Grandma eventually devoted herself to the creation of a new family. In effect, they provide a template for two paths Oskar might take. Luckily, he comes to appreciate the family he has (following Grandma's path), while even Thomas Sr. grows to feel some of that optimism because of his experience with Oskar.